![]() The accumulation of tumor-associated MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment is potentially associated with various mechanisms in different types of cancer, such as bladder cancer 5– 7. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are well known as a population of heterogeneous, immature myeloid cells that facilitate tumor cell escape from cytotoxic T-cell-mediated elimination, which leads to tumor progression 4, 5. The tumor immune microenvironment has dynamic interactions between the immune cells and tumor cells, playing a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis 4. Patients with metastatic disease have poor prognosis, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of 15% 3. Muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) have a higher propensity to spread to lymph nodes and other organs 2, 3. Approximately 75% of them are nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) while the remaining 25% are muscle-invasive 2 or metastatic disease 3. Therefore, our results demonstrated that KIF4A-mediated BC production of CXCL5 led to an increase in MDSC recruitment, which contributed to tumor progression.īladder cancer (BC) is currently one of the most common cancers and accounts for about 4% of all cancer-related deaths 1. Additional studies in vitro and in vivo showed that the capability of KIF4A to promote BC cells to recruit MDSCs could be significantly inhibited by anti-CXCL5 antibody. Furthermore, according to ELISA results, CXCL5 was the most noticeably increased cytokine in the KIF4A-transduced BC cells. Transwell chemotaxis assays revealed that KIF4A overexpression in T24 cells increased MDSC recruitment. In addition, the more increased accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was observed in tumor-bearing mice with KIF4A overexpression than in the control group. With respect to promoting tumor growth, the expression of KIF4A in promoting tumor growth was more pronounced in immune-competent mice (C57BL/6) than in immunodeficient mice (BALB/C). High expression of KIF4A has been significantly correlated with fewer CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and a much worse prognosis in patients with BC. Here, we report increased expression of KIF4A in both lymph node-positive and high grade BC tissues. Although KIF4A has been found to play an important role in a variety of tumors and is closely associated with the activation of immunocytes, its role in bladder cancer (BC) remains unclear.
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